Intensive Mothering

Different scholars, as Sharon Hays, mount portrayals of American mothering that verifiably condemn a portion of the aspects of connection child rearing. Subsequent to perusing these creators' pieces close by crafted by connection child rearing advocates Like Lauren Lindsey Porter, William and Martha Sears, and Katie Allison Grange, do you accept that the pundits' judgment of connection child rearing Is reasonable? Does AP place undue requests on ladies? Why or why not? Inquiries to Ponder: Is connection child rearing equivalent with â€Å"intensive mothering? † Why or why not?Do you think connection child rearing consistently involves the sort of child rearing the creators censure, or may parts of connection child rearing in reality neutralize â€Å"intensive mothering? Is the ascent of connection child rearing to fault for the unpleasant idea of parenthood in contemporary American culture, or are other social structures to blame (e. G. Absence of maternity/family leave, abse nce of financed open childcare choices, and so forth )? Are the practices AP advances (co-dozing, breastfeeding, and dashing, for instance) dangerous? It is safe to say that they are Incompatible with paid work?How does social class Influence the act of connection child rearing, and do the creators nearsightedly center around the center/upper-white collar classes? For what reason do you think connection child rearing has been focused as an object of analysis? Note that I don't anticipate that you should respond to these inquiries; I'm including them simply to give you a feeling of a portion of the headings you may take with your Format and Specifications: In an around 4-5 page (1200-1500 word) paper, make a case about whether you accept the evaluate of AP required by the pundits Is a reasonable and sensible one, and why.The why Is as Important If not a higher priority than the position Itself, and should have an influence in your real case, so your case isn't just â€Å"the scrutin ize Your case ought to be clear yet vigorous, and contestable, and you should draw on at east 2-3 of our in-class readings (note that you may utilize the Accredited and Blades and Rowe-Finickier readings on paid work and mothering also) to help it. You ought to likewise refer to in any event one source that we have not perused all together (more on that later), for at least 3-4 sources.All of the papers you compose for this class ought to hold fast to MEAL rules both for references (which will be incidental) and for the works refered to page. You need exclude works Vive offered you to peruse for this course in your works refered to page, however you should consistently put any outside sources that you refer to on your works refered to page. It would be ideal if you allude to your prospectus for determinations on edges, text style, text dimension, and word check! Outside Sources: The accompanying connections may end up being helpful in becoming familiar with the hypothesis and practi ce of connection child rearing, and may lead you to different sources as well.I will for the most part acknowledge any of the data on these destinations as dependable sources on connection child rearing as it is seen by its disciples. Www. Disappointments. Organization (official site of Attachment Parenting International Group) www. Wisped. Organization (note that I don't typically energize the utilization of Wisped for scholastic examination, however TTS passage on AP is quite precise and accommodating; additionally contains connections to different locales) www. Saddlers. Com (more from William Sears) www. Gastrointestinal]u. Com (this is Grange's mass; you can likewise interface also rundown of her papers and articles from here) www. Naturalistic. Mother (the site on which the Porter perusing shows up; investigates AP from a â€Å"Natural Family Living† point of view) www. Mothering. Com (site for â€Å"Mothering† magazine, an AP/NFG distribution; contains various a rticles and has the biggest conversation board on the web with respect to connection child rearing issues) If you have questions or worries about a source you expect to utilize, and whether it is solid, don't hesitate to ask me my sentiment. You will have additional time and chance to refine your utilization of outside sources during the amendment stage, however you should make a sensible endeavor to tissue out your proof in this draft.Rhea Shawnee English Paper I-Draft Parenthood can frequently be incredibly overpowering and requesting. Setting aside as long as you can remember and quitting any pretense of everything to fulfill the necessities of your infant isn't a simple or represents an enormous duty on guardians. As I would like to think, the studies judgment of connection child rearing isn't reasonable. I accept that the idea of connection is sensible and baby important for newborn children to form into talented, autonomous and develop people who share a forceful passionate bo nd with their parents.First and chief, it is basic to know what Attachment child rearing is about? It is ‘an approach of bringing up youngsters who are all around associated with their folks as opposed to a severe arrangement of rules. ‘A regular misguided judgment that individuals have is thinking about serious mothering to be an equivalent word for connection child rearing. Escalated mothering depends on the possibility of totally relinquishing your necessities and wants and committing our life to your youngster or as it were letting your kid direct your life.Most of the articles, for example, DRP. Shrub's neighborhood centers around the outrageous degree individuals go to so as to bring their kid up in the â€Å"perfect† way. The writer in a somewhat snide tone plans to cause the perusers to understand that even in the backtalk's and ass' folks raised children who ended up being Just fine without the worry that they aren't investing enough energy with their chi ldren and expecting to exhibit in innumerable manners each and ordinary that you ridiculously love your child'.It lays accentuation on the way that on the off chance that you re unfit to give mechanically propelled devices as be ‘Baby Safe Crib sheet or video observation cameras to keep a beware of the caretaker taking care of your infant or electronic screens to check the children pulse even before he is conceived' you are viewed as an inept parent.Attachment child rearing then again implies ‘opening your psyche and heart to the individual needs of your infant and leaving your insight into your youngster alone your manual for settling on the spot choices about what works best for both the mother and kid, that is learning perused the signs of your infant and reacting properly to those employments. ‘ It urges guardians to discover which child rearing style accommodates their way of life in the most ideal manner and alter what doesn't work for them. As singes says, à ¢â‚¬Å"Like any Journey, child rearing requires modifications en route. Connection child rearing doesn't present undue requests on ladies as in it isn't convincing you to do all the seven Baby Bi's and being commonsense and sensible, if certainly feasible it is incredibly hard to do everything that is suggested. It for the most part encourages you to consolidate whatever makes the association among you and your youngster more grounded in your day to ay schedule. Connection child rearing doesn't anticipate that guardians should go through 24 hours of a day Just taking care of your youngster, rather it's the nature of time during which you can build up a sentiment of trust and cause your infant to feel that he/she can depend on you for his needs.A much of the time posed inquiry that individuals have is won't the consistent nursing and consideration providing for your kid be dangerous? Individuals feel secured with the seven Bi's of connection child rearing and should seriously mull ove r them to be testing. In any case, numerous connection guardians subsequent to being met expressed, â€Å"l feel so associated with y infant. † â€Å"l feel right when with her, not right when we're separated. † â€Å"l feel satisfied. † The seven Bi's of child wearing incorporate, ‘breastfeeding, balance, be careful with infant wearing and birth holding. Connection child rearing is a commonplace method of child rearing and every one of these practices have been polished everywhere throughout the world for a long time as of late these practices have been named together as connection child rearing. Despite the fact that a few people may believe the seven Baby Bi's to be profoundly hazardous on the off chance that they are working moms yet as expressed before, it isn't compulsory to follow each of them seven. For example, I feel breastfeeding is fundamental for the soundness of the infant, besides, ‘Current examines demonstrate that babies who are boso m taken care of will in general be more beneficial, increasingly secure and even score higher on IQ tests!In expansion the security between breastfeeding mother and child will in general assistance structure a safe connection for the infant as the individual in question develops. Breastfeeding additionally will in general be an affordable decision for some families. ‘ ‘A British investigation of 36 working class moms and their three-year-olds found that safely appended youngsters scored 12 focuses higher on the Stanford-Bines insight test than did unreliably joined kids (Crandall and Hobnobs 1999). Since research has demonstrated that breastfeeding is fundamental for more advantageous development of children I figure it would be out of line for those infants who are not bosom fed.Another point that is exceptionally bantered over is whether an infant should co-rest or not? Exploration has arrived at a resolution that co dozing decreases pressure and uneasiness levels amon g babies as they rest in a free from any danger condition near their folks. Co-resting might be a pressure reducer too. A British report reports that youngsters (matured 3-8) who dozed in their folks' rooms indicated lower day by day levels of the pressure hormone cortical (Wentworth 2007).Its is contended upon by individuals who state that it might be perilous for the infant to rest on a similar bed as the parent and co dozing might be ruining the child as it would not make him autonomous and the infant needs to figure out how to rest alone eventually. In any case, co-resting doesn't imply that the infant needs to rest on a similar bed as the parent. The child can rest anyplace in a similar room as the guardians or in a lodging directly close to the guardians bed it would in any case be viewed as co sleeping.The principle thought is for the infant to be near the guardians with the goal that the guardians can

Financial assets are made up of securities

Money related resources are comprised of protections, stocks and subsidiaries. These are cases to the income produced by genuine, unmistakable resources which are the terrains, structures and apparatuses we use. These bits of paper are the means by which residents of profoundly created nations increment their riches. Riches age includes hazard, for no business movement is sure to give returns. Budgetary markets permit financial specialists to take an interest in lucrative endeavors without being genuinely present in the venture site.Most hazard lenient people incline toward stocks, for it can possibly yield significant yields, while traditionalist ones go for securities which gives a consistent, fixed pay. In this movement, stock exchanging is the principle center. Targets Just like any speculator, producing income was the essential objective. The measure of money to be picked up from exchanging ought to remunerate the hazard attempted. The objective was to accomplish consistent deve lopment. The normal was return is 40%. Subsequent to setting the necessary return, a portfolio system was chosen.Assets were then chosen which would involve the productive portfolio†gives the best yield to a given degree of hazard. Essential investigation was the strategy used to pick the stocks. Broadening was another strategy used to augment return while spreading the hazard. Develop a Portfolio development was a dull errand. I needed to gauge the hazard and returns, and in some cases, to believe my gut feel. Stock costs, as studies have indicated follow an arbitrary walk development. The methodology utilized was a top-down portfolio development. A portfolio is essentially an assortment of venture assets.The sort of advantages for be held was first decided. It was then trailed by security investigation to choose the stocks considered productive. Expansion was one rule utilized in picking the stocks. It basically implied that values from various enterprises were held in the po rtfolio with the goal that hazard introduction was restricted. Offers from the product business (RIMM, JAVA), arms(SWHC), pharmaceutical (GERN), PC (PALM), protection (HUM), wellbeing care(HMA), power (FL), SAM, metals and mining(AUY, AA) ,oil and gas(IEO), record fund(SWPIX), cement(CX),AXP Asset Analysis Fundamental investigation was essentially utilized in the choices undertaken.This approach utilizes income and profit possibilities of the firm, desires for future loan costs, and hazard assessment of the firm to decide legitimate stock costs. It depends on the organization's money related wellbeing pointers. The stocks’ yearly development rate, quarterly income records, and P/E (cost to-profit) proportions were estimated. Verifiable information was likewise utilized. One such measurement is the EPS, or profit per-share positioning. PALM stocks were purchased since the firm’s rate of return was expressed at 2470. 70%. Additionally, on the day that it was exchanged, i t was lower evaluated. Smith and Weson, SWHC had a P/E proportion of 5. half, a ROE of 19.7%. Subsequently, a sum of 4000 portions of SWCH were purchased. Alcoa, or AA’s ROE was 16. 20%. Its EBITDA was 5. 45 B. In the interim, its P/E proportion was 11. 60 and its yearly profit was at . 68 for each offer. Alcoa looks monetarily solid, yet was costly, so just 1000 offers were bought. So also, FPL’s ROE was 14. 6%. Its P/E proportion was 12. 7%. Its EBITDA was 4. 47 B. The market esteems FPL shares exceptionally. Be that as it may, I discovered it unsmart to put resources into exceptionally esteemed stocks, since showcase discernments vary uncontrollably. In this way, I just procured 700 portions of FPL. RIMM had a ROE of 30. 60%. Its P/E proportion was half. For me, RIMM shares were truly costly.In certainty, it was has the greatest expense per share in my portfolio. In any case, I was pulled in to its money related figure. Moreover, its multi week high was at $148 so I found the $80 per share tempting. I in this manner purchased 1000 offers from RIMM. Murmur had a ROE of 19. 9% and a P/E proportion of 18. 00. It was very overrated, so I just purchased 1000 offers. HMA was the most minimal valued stock in my portfolio. Yet, I chose to buy it accepting that interest for social insurance administrations will increment sooner rather than later. CX, contrasted and its rival, Heidelberg concrete had higher profit and verifiably showed returns higher than the market average.I purchased 1000 offers. I additionally purchased SWPIX, a record support as a correlation for the arrival of my exchanging exercises. Occasion Selection One of the most surprising news was the starting of PALM’s Pre. With the conviction that the Pre will be hot in the market, much the same as Apple’s I-case, I purchased 4,000 offers from PALM. I regard that the future estimation of PALM will expand more than two-crease once the Pre is presented. The promotion will push the cost of its stock. From there on, I can sold my offers at a benefit. What's more, the prominence of advanced cells, or telephones which serve something other than talking gadgets was estimated to increment consistently in the close future.Aside from buying PALM stocks, I chose to purchase shares from BlackBerry’s creator, RIMM. Updates on the worldwide pig influenza flare-up provoked me to buy HMA shares. HMA , a medicinal services supplier would have more benefits if this season's flu virus would get across the board. Furthermore, Citigroup updated HMA shares from hold to purchase. In the interim, the news on the pending offer of JAVA drove me to sell my 1000 offers. Beast stocks which were recognized fourteen days straight included AUY. The data encouraged me to purchase 3000 portions of AUY.

Update Your Resume This September with My Resume Tips

Update Your Resume This September with My Resume Tips September is Update Your Resume Month! Read to the End to Get 10% Off a Resume Service! What if you received an unexpected sudden opportunity and needed to update your resume for a new position? Would you be ready with a fantastic resume now? What if your company needed your resume for their own uses? Would you be proud of what you could hand to them? If the answer to either of the above questions is no, you’re in luck. It’s September, and that means it’s International Update Your Resume Month! Updating your resume at least once a year is a really smart idea, regardless of your career situation. You will ensure that you’re tracking and documenting your most recent accomplishments, and that you’re not caught empty-handedâ€"or paying rush fees unnecessarily because you did not prepare for unanticipated resume requests. Tips to Update Your Resume Right Now Here are my top 10 recommendations to avoid the panic of a last-minute scramble to update your resume: Double-check your contact information. Are your address and phone number accurate and updated? Is your LinkedIn Profile URL customized and included on your resume? Rewrite your Summary statement. Make sure it reflects your most current capabilities and achievements. Use specifics about yourself rather than overinflated “resume speak.” Add any skills / core competencies that you have added to your tool kit. List any updates to your education, courses completed, conferences attended, certifications or licenses obtained, awards won, publications published, etc. If you have a new position, add an end date to your previous one. You’d be surprised how many people forget to change “present” to an end date! Add your most current position to your resume if it’s not there. Include a result or impact in every bullet if at all possible. How have you made or saved your company money? How have you improved systems or processes? Include numbers like dollar amounts and percentages! Delete any redundant or irrelevant information. Don’t be attached to your past achievements if they’re not important for where you’re headed. Check your formatting carefully for consistency. Is every bullet formatted the same way? Print your resume to make sure it looks good on paper. Don’t risk being judged as sloppy, and don’t make your readers have to squint! Create a version of your resume that meets ATS requirements (Applicant Tracking Systems). If you’re not familiar with how to do this, read Tip #43 in How to Write a WINNING Resume. Tools to Update Your Resume For more detail on how to accomplish these 10 resume update recommendations, read my e-books How to Write a WINNING Resume or How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume. You can receive a free excerpt of both How to Write a WINNING Resume and How to Write a STELLAR Executive Resume by signing up for any of The Essay Expert’s e-lists. Subscribe here and receive free excerpts of both books! Special offer!! If you want to update your resume in September, go through steps 1-9 above and send us your current resume with a list of your accomplishments on or before September 22nd. Please also include a statement that you have completed steps 1-9 and are ready for an update.  We’ll offer you 10% off any resume service! You can also get help from our DIY Resume Questionnaires. What are you waiting for? Update your resume now!

Roots of American Democracy Essay - 642 Words

America is a country whose emergence is contributed to many sources. More specifically, the American form of Democracy stretch back beyond the formation of the United States, having origin in ancient Greek thinking, the Enlightenment, as well as the English and their injustice, The United States owes its birth as a country to many areas of influence. The Ancient Greeks were the first to put the power of a nation in the hands of the average citizen, they created the idea of the democratic government, practiced as a direct democracy. Voting, political assembly, and official citizenship are all concepts that can be traced back to Classical Grecian ideas .The Romans developed the concept of the representative democracy .This was best†¦show more content†¦Natural Rights (Locke) appear in the declaration of Independence as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Jean Rousseau developed the idea of the social contract and the notion of replacing a government that fails to mai ntain consent is cited as justification for the American Revolution against the English. Another field of influence for American Democracy lies in the English .English rule passed the English Bill of Rights in 1689, a similar declaration of which can be found in the American Bill of Rights. The English were also the first superpower to institute rule by Parliament. Parliament is a form of legislature in which power is distributed between two Houses (House of Commons and the House of Lords). The American system of Checks and Balances between three separate institutions (Judiciary, Executive and Legislative) owes its existence primarily to the English Parliament. Over the centuries, English influence on American government has been great, and today these influences can still be seen in everyday American life, The Colonial Experiences encountered by early American citizens before the revolution have impacted contemporary United States Government. For example, The Virginia House of Bur gesses was the first instance of representative democracy in the New World. It involved a form of Congress, with 2 representative politicians per state. Smaller towns and outposts held town meetings, in which a fairly primitive form ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Roots of American Democracy2355 Words   |  10 PagesWhen referring to classical antiquity period, most think of Greece and Rome dominating and flourishing in the areas of philosophy, sciences, mathematics and literature. One other admirable achievement, the establishment of early forms of democracy, came from this time period and should not be overlooked as it is the historical basis of our government today. The Founding Fathers of the United States were influenced by Greek and Roman concepts in law, government structure, and even philosophy. ConceptsRead MoreThe Facade Of Universal Inclusion1539 Words   |  7 Pagesimage of liberalism would also include obligation. This paper will argue that a fuller image of liberalism is not a prescription to end white citizenship, because universal inclusion will not address the root issue that white citizenship is inherently etched indelibly into the fabric of American politics. Opponents may argue that liberalism gives everyone with property the same rights through universal inclusion. People enter social contracts in order to protect their property. A fuller image ofRead MoreIssues Of Inequality And Poor Healthcare Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pageshealthcare, while are arguably equal in importance to the livelihood of human beings, differ in the tractability for change. The analysis of inequality is necessary due to the fact that inequality inhibits economic growth and social mobility, impairs democracy, and eludes a certain standard of fairness. Social mobility is the ability for individuals or families to move between social classes. Heavily rooted inequality inhibits such movement due to the fact that the sects of society become so entrenchedRead MoreLiberal Democracy Vs. Totalitarianism1198 Words   |  5 PagesLiberal Democracy versus Totalitarianism â€Å"Who controls the past, controls the future; who controls the present, controls the past† is the slogan of the Party in Orwell’s â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† (1949). In other words, in a totalitarian society, the government controls the past and the future by controlling the present; force the society and disrespect the individual rights are the main power of the government. There were some examples of the totalitarian societies. 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Du Bois and the article The Rough Riders by Theodore Roosevelt can support my point of view. In the 19th century, western countries began to expand the economy through imperialist methods such as colonization. In order to justifyRead MoreThe Challenge For Property Qualifications For Voting907 Words   |  4 PagesOne basis of political democracy in this period was the challenge to property qualifications for voting. It began in the American Revolution but culminated in the early nineteenth century. After the Revolution, no new state required property ownership to vote, and in older states, constitutional conventions in the 1820s and 1830s abolished property qualifications, partly because the growing number of wage earners who did not own much property demanded the vote. In the South, however, where largeRead MoreUs Foreign Policy Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesVietnam War, where the United States found itself heavily committed to the survival of South Vietnam while at the same time, finding itself incapable of pushing for structural and democratic reform. Successive Americ an administrations and the media tried to picture Diem as an advocate of democracy while ignoring the fact that Diem had little interest in governing by the rule of law. An increasing number of Vietnamese viewed the Diem government as an authoritarian regime. However, for the United StatesRead MorePursuing Democracy : An Analysis Of The Development Of American Government755 Words   |  4 PagesPursuing Democracy: An Analysis of the Development of American Government The passing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 marks the beginning of of the United States of America, but the ideas that influenced the development of American government have roots extending to the dawn of civilization. As long as humans have lived in community, the desire to keep order has spawned many experiments in finding an effective system of government. Examination of the development of American governmentRead MoreThe Health Of American Politics Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health of American Politics/Democracy In this paper, I am going to write about two topics which they are the American politics and the American democracy. I am going to discuss one issue regarding each topic. In the topic of American politics, I will describe the negative impact of the Israeli lobby on the American Politic. After that, I will describe the negative impact of the electoral college system on the American democracy. The Israeli lobby and the electoral college system are affecting

Two Great Renaissance Artists - 2585 Words

Two Great Renaissance Artists The Renaissance period is known as a period of the rebirth of Greek ideas. The works of this time were more individualized and the artists had more artistic freedom then were allowed in the Medieval or middle Ages. Two of the greatest individuals of the Renaissance time period were Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Not only was Da Vinci a great artist, he was also the best in many fields other than art. â€Å"Leonardo is often viewed as the archetype of the Renaissance Man because of his expertise and interest in many different areas, including art, science, music, mechanics, the arts of war, politics, philosophy, and nearly every other subject that mattered† (Wikibooks, 2010). Michelangelo Buonarroti†¦show more content†¦While most other artists idealized everything, he wanted to paint what he actually saw. He studied people on the streets and things in nature which, to him, were the most beautiful things. Leonardo da Vinci was and is renowned primarily as a painter and the works of art that Leonardo left behind are very few. He left us numerous masterpieces that we still study and marvel at today, but he never completed a statue and has only about a dozen finished paintings. He left behind many anatomical and mechanical drawing and thousands of sketches (Plumb, 1961). One such masterpiece, the 16th century oil painting of the Mona Lisa, also referred to as ‘La Giaconda’, is considered by the art world to be one of his most famous works. It is the most famous and most parodied portrait. The history of the Mona Lisa has long garnered much attention and stirred controversy with regard to the identity of the woman who sat for the painting. This painting is so special because of the type of color that Da Vinci created. This type of painting is called Sfumato, which is a type of shading that allowed him to shade differently (Phaidon, 1994). The color is a darker Hue, which also makes the painting even more interesting and Da Vinci has used a large amount of warm color. The lines in this painting are very precise and on point. The Mona Lisa has a geometric shape to it, the woman being the center focusing point in the painting. ThisShow MoreRelatedArt Of The Renaissance : Questions And Vocabulary1283 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 12.5 (Art in the Renaissance) Assignment- Questions and Vocabulary Terms: Giotto, Masaccio, Botticelli, Perspective, Guild, Artisan, Apprentice, Patron, High Renaissance, Pope Julius II, Michelangelo, Northern Renaissance, madrigal. 1) Giotti di Bondone (1266-1337) was an Italian artist and architect from Florence in the very late Middle Ages. He is considered to be one of the most important artists in Italy because he contributed greatly to the Renaissance style of painting and art inRead MoreThe Italian Renaissance Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Italian Renaissance Throughout history many art movements have emerged that artists and styles are classified under. One large contributing movement over the time period from about 1450 to about 1600 was known as the Italian Renaissance. However, what a large portion of people do not realize is that the Italian Renaissance was actually two main movements during that period of time. Each movement had key artists and a variation in style from the other movements. These two movements inRead MoreEssay on Renaissance vs Neoclassicism1295 Words   |  6 PagesTrefren, D Renaissance VS Neoclassicism How could two periods such as the Neoclassicism and the Renaissance be so successful and be focused on very different things? Neoclassicism and the Renaissance are two major periods in the history of art during which different forms of art including architecture, painting, music and visual arts, significantly advanced. It was during these periods, different artists became very famous as a result of the masterpieces reflecting how the ideologies and artisticRead MoreBaroque and High Renaissance760 Words   |  3 PagesBaroque and High Renaissance are two very important periods in art history, during that time a lot of different forms of art were created which include architecture, painting, and music. Baroque is just another word for having flashy symmetrical decoration. It’s a style that started around the 1600s in Italy and with its popularity it quickly spread around Europe. High Renaissance artist displaces the importance of draftsmanship, structured, and often-centralize d compositions. Many artists quickly riseRead MoreThe Renaissance in Art Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art When the new upper class movement, Renaissance, occurred in Italy around the 14th century, a revival of the classical forms originally developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans, an intensified concern with secular life, and interest in humanism and assertion of the importance of the individual began. Thus, artists such as Mosaccio and Giotto depicted art that unlike the Middle Ages, showed emotions, feelings, and bright colors, thus demonstrating the deep concern for naturalismRead MoreComparing The Italian And Italian Renaissance1748 Words   |  7 PagesNorthern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance Differences between the Italian and Northern Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and technological changes which swept Europe from the end of the 13 century. It was integral in developing Europe into a powerhouse. 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In many ways, Italy had benefits over northern Europe in detaching from the feudal system and accumulating enormous amounts of wealth. I think that above all else, geography was Italy’s anchor in this respect. Being a projecting land mass sticking out into the Mediterranean Sea, and beneficially located between the main part of Europe and the Byzantine Empire, cities within Italy had littleRead MoreThe Renaissance And Its Influence On Classical Culture1101 Words   |  5 Pages The renaissance began in Italy and spanned over 150 years, from the late 13th century to the early 17th century. It was a time of great invention and discovery. Renaissance means â€Å"rebirth† in French, as it was a rebirth of interest in classical culture. During this era the focus became more human centered, known as classical humanism. This was an occasion of great innovation, scientific discovery and creativity. During this period linear perspective began to be used in visual art to create anRead MoreDifference Between Baroque Art And Renaissance Art843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance era and the Baroque era are two very distinct periods in art history that hold different styles of art. The Renaissance was a period from the 14th to 17th century that sparked a cultural movement in Renaissance art. The Baroque was a period in art history that started around 1600. Renaissance art was a distinct style of art that involved painting, sculpture, and other forms of art. Renaissance artists created artworks that represented religion, frescos, and privately commissioned

Introduction to Myth Free Essays

Introduction to Myth: Mythos – Greek word for story (not necessarily true or false) Mythology – the study of myths Primitive people needed to make stories/myths in an effort to understand what was going on in their world. Humans are the only beings with a need to understand things; a dog doesn’t think â€Å"why me †. Primitive people, when scared, hurt, depressed, created myths to explain their pain or discomfort. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Myth or any similar topic only for you Order Now All cultures make myths in their early development. Around 1200 B. C. , ancient Greeks began to take written history and to make rational and logical stories. Myth-making came to an end once this began. Myths â€Å"illustrate† the truth, much as Jesus did in his parables. He did not give an exact point, but told a story that showed what he meant. Myths may not tell the literal truth, but they illustrate human nature and human experience. Theories: Max Muller – concluded that all ancient myths are about nature and natural phenomenon. Carl Jung – noted that same kinds of myths turn up in all different cultures, such as each culture having their own version of the Great Flood. He developed his theory of the Collective Unconscious – that all humans are born with these same ideas in their brains, lying deep and unconscious. He said that myths explore these deep ideas of the collective unconscious. Claude Levi-Strauss – research on human brain, that different sides were responsible for different functions. Noted that the body is binary (2 arms, 2 ears, 2 legs†¦) and says that we think in pairs with ideas (on off, right wrong, good evil, yes no). They are pairs of opposites in conflict with each other. Levi-Strauss says that man’s entire experience is based on conflict, and that myths present the conflicts, then resolve them within the story. The 20th century was in ways spent examining and interpreting the ideas of the 19th century. Despite technological strides, it has been said that no ideas came from the 20th century. For example, 20th century scholars spent their lives working on the 19th century ideas of Darwin, Marx and Freud. Sigmund Freud – all human nature is driven by sex. Freud started psychotherapy. He turned his focus to myths and concluded that all myths are about sex and are a way of revealing sexual fears and desires without having to confront them every day. Characters: Zeus, Semele, Hera Zeus – lord and king of the gods. Constantly making love to females of all kinds. In this story, Zeus is making love to Semele. But Zeus is married to his sister, Hera, who always finds out about his infidelities. Hera disguises herself as an old human woman and visits Semele, who confesses that not only is she making time with Zeus, but that he love her more than his own wife! Hera says that no, he doesn’t, because with his own wife, he appears to her as he really is – as an almighty god. Usually, Zeus appears as a human – tall, strong, distinguished, a little bit of gray. So the next time Zeus comes around, Semele asks him to appear as he really is. Zeus denies her, saying that she doesn’t want to see that. So she bitches and moans until he gives in, makes love to her, and appears to her as the god that he is – at which point she is immediately destroyed by a bolt of lightning. That story can be analyzed by the four theories listed above. Is any single theory correct? Are none of them correct? 1. Muller’s Nature Theory – because primitive people are in constant contact and conflict with nature. Zeus is the ultimate god, even over the god of thunder, and they find thunder frightening. Lightning is Zeus’ weapon, and experiencing a lightning bolt is the closest that they could get to Zeus. So to them, a lightning bolt IS Zeus. Getting struck by lightning is getting hit by Zeus. That’s where nature comes in. Zeus is frequently depicted with a lightning bolt. 2. Jung’s Collective Unconscious – two of his ideas – Anima and Animus. Anima is the male idea of the ideal woman, the universal woman, who makes men crazy and keeps them off balance by nagging and manipulating. Animus is the idea that all women have of men – violent, destructive, aggressive, rapists. So myths provide an expression for these ideas, which lie deep in the unconscious. Both appear in this Zeus story – she nags him like crazy and he destroys her. 3. Levi-Strauss – humans are obsessed with conflict and resolution. Each of the three characters in this story are in conflict with every other conflict. But as soon as you get rid of Semele, all conflicts are resolved. 4. Freud – it’s all about sex; Castration Anxiety – a boy has one, a girl doesn’t. The boy thinks she must have cut hers off and worries that she’ll cut his off. Penis Envy – the girl looks, he has something she doesn’t, she knows she’s never had one, and she wants one. In this myth, Semele insists to see Zeus â€Å"as he really is†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or naked. She’s obsessed about it (penis envy). But when he stands there naked, he has to kill her (castration anxiety). Creation Know that myths conflict and contradict each other, and the Greeks did not have them in a logical order. One does, through, give a story of creation, which we compare to Genesis from the Bible. Genesis – God is already in existence at the beginning of Genesis, then he creates the universe; the creation order matches the evolutionary order. The climax of the story is when god creates the first man. But then, man complains that he needs a companion, so woman is created. Greek – starts with chaos, which in Greek means â€Å"emptiness† or â€Å"nothing†. So you start with nothing. Then five beings come into existence: * Ge – (pro. ‘gay’) – the earth (feminine; any word that ends in ‘e’ in Greek is feminine) * Tartarus – dark terrible prison located beneath the earth * Eros – passionate love * Erebus – darkness * Night – night Of the five, three are frightening and dark. It’s scary because 90% of human animal information comes from sight, and human animal has poor night vision. So night was scary for primitive humans, because their predators had either excellent night vision or great sense of smell. Night is a time when we’re defenseless. Only one of the five was imagined by Greeks to be in human form. Eros was an adolescent boy. They knew a 16-year-old boy could impregnate more women at that age than at any other time in his life. When Romans took over Eros, they turned him into the five-year-old boy we know as Cupid. Next, Ge gives birth, with no help from a man, to Mountains, Seas and Heavens: Ge does this without the help of any male. It was assumed for a long time that women made babies all on their own, with no help from men. This gave them a position of importance and prominence in society, while the men were unimportant. After all, sex was just for fun, and there was no immediate effect. No one put it together until man learned how to count – that was a bad day for women. They figured out the solar year, then the months, then that 9 months after sex, the baby came along. So it was the man involved after all. And eggs were inside and invisible, while the male secretion was obvious. So it was the man that actually parented the child, the woman was just a carrier. So now men were the most important. So later, Ge needed a husband, since men were necessary after all. She married her son Heaven, or Uranus (Ouranos). Since Uranus was the man and Ge was the woman, Uranus got all the credit. After a long dry spell when the rains came and the land became green again, it was Uranus up in the heavens that fertilized his wife Ge and gave them crops. Also, heaven must be male because he’s on top and above Mother Earth. Primitive people, like children, saw the world in terms of themselves – they thought rain from the sky was male sperm impregnating the earth. Anthropomorphism – the process by which we give human form to things that are not really human. His current example was Barney, but the Greek gods had the same range of emotions (hatred, jealousy) that Greek humans had. This is man making god in man’s image, since it was the only form they knew well. (i. e. marriage of heaven and earth – putting a human occurrence to the supernatural) (True of Greek gods) So we’ve got Ge and Uranus. But Uranus hated his children – he thought they were ugly. So he stuffed each one of them back into the body of Ge (earth). Ge was in pain so she asked the kids inside of her for help, but only Cronus (youngest child) would help her. She got some iron from inside herself and formed a sickle (common instrument with curved blade to cut grain), and gave it to Cronus. Cronus hid in the evening until Uranus came back to sleep with his wife, then Cronus jumped out, grabbed Uranus’ genitals, chopped them off, and threw them into the sea, where they floated. A foam formed around the genitals, and out of that foam came Aphrodite, the goddess of passionate love. (Remember: god of love is Eros) How does Cronus get out? Does he stand on his mother Ge, since she is the earth? Is Uranus the heavens or is he a man with genitals? The Greeks weren’t concerned with realistic details (didn’t think that way) – the more bizarre, irrational and violent the story, the older and more primitive it is. Now, the male is the only real parent, since he provides the visible sperm and the woman is just a carrier. So the male is the head of the family, and a male king rules over all families. So since baby-making was the important part, a castrated male could not be in charge. So Uranus was no longer chief – Cronus, his defeater, became the chief god Once, he became the chief god, Cronus let all of his siblings out of Ge. And he needed to marry so he could make babies. So he married his sister Rhea. They had kids, but Cronus knew from his own experience that kids could endanger his power. So he swallowed each child whole. Rhea was distressed, him swallowing the kids and all, and went to Ge and Uranus for advice. They said to give him a rock wrapped in baby clothes next time, that he’d never know the difference. So she hid the next child, Zeus, and Cronus swallowed a rock instead. Rhea took Zeus to Crete and hid him in a cave to grow up safely away from Cronus. Once grown, Zeus tricked Cronus into spitting up all of his brothers and sisters, and there was a war between Cronus and Rhea’s generation and Zeus’ generation. Cronus’ generation (his brothers and sisters) were called the Titans. Zeus’ people chose Mt. Olympus as their war base, and after winning, he and his siblings lived on Mt. Olympus (a mountaintop, where primitive Greeks would expect their gods to live). Zeus and crew were called the Olympians. Zeus used lightning bolts as his weapon to lead the Olympians to victory over the Titans, and Zeus took over as god of the universe until the end of mythology. Zeus hurled most of the Titans (his aunts and uncles) down to Tartarus (the deep prison) so that they could never challenge his power. But he couldn’t bring himself to do that to Cronus, his father. Cronus was sent west into exile (traveled west because it was the direction of death), never to return to Greece. Cronus went to Italy and hid there, where he used the Latin name Saturn, which â€Å"Saturday† was named after. (Hiding place of Cronus: Lateo, Latium, Latini). Cronus was still a god and presided over a golden age in Italy. Then we went further west , but the Italians recalled the golden age with a mid-winter festival called Saturnalia, in which the high point was December 25th. On that day, no one worked or went to school, and families exchanged gifts with each other. When the Catholic church took over Rome, the took over existing festival days (smoother transition), and Saturnalia was changed to celebrate the Mass of Christ (Christmas). Generations: Ge Uranus Cronus Rhea Zeus Hera Creating People: The creation of the first man (male) was very unimportant. Myth is not even clear as to who did it. Some versions say Zeus created man out of dirt. Others say Zeus’ cousin Prometheus (son of one of the Titians) created man and had sympathy for humans. But male human life was pathetic and weak and helpless and inferior to animals – humans can only walk better. So Prometheus went to heaven and stole fire and gave it to man. Now, every human had fire for warmth, light and protection. When Zeus found out, he was so angry that he wanted to offset the gift of fire, so he gave man something very terrible – woman. The creation of woman was a big deal. Hephaestus, the craftsman, constructed the first woman and handed her over to Aphrodite, the goddess of passionate love and the most beautiful. Aphrodite gave woman irresistible beauty and charm, then handed her over to Athena, goddess of wisdom. Athena taught woman important and useful skills, then handed her over to the god Hermes, who among other things is god of the practical joke. Hermes gave woman the character of a thief and the mind of a bitch. Then all of these gods – Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hermes – brought woman before Zeus, who named her â€Å"all gifts†, or Pandora. Zeus had a gift for Pandora – a big jar (not a box!! , ceramic, 4 or 5 feet tall. She asked what was in it, but Zeus refused to answer – just take it with you, he said. Zeus took her and her jar down to earth and the society of men. Prometheus had an earthly brother, Epimetheus. Prometheus means â€Å"forethought†, and thinking before speaking or acting. Hi s brother Epimetheus†¦well, not so much. Afterthought. Prometheus had warned his brother not to accept any gifts from gods, but he took one look at Pandora, she of irresistible beauty and charm, and took her and her jar in. Life was good for a while, but Pandora was so curious about the jar. She’d go and listen to it, shake it, smell it. Finally, one day she opened the seal, and out came all of the ills that we face – sickness, death, disease, pain, famine, drought – only hope was left in the jar, and it remained there when she finally got the lid back on. So, hope was left in the jar – what was â€Å"hope† doing in a jar full of evils? The Greeks were deeply pessimistic and felt that life was hard and cruel, with no â€Å"happy ending†. Note that most myths end unhappily and violent. So to them, hope was the greatest evil of all – hope makes you think none of the evils would happen to you. But the certain future is that we’re all going to die, so the Greek pessimism is based in reality. But hope makes us think that none of that will happen to us. Second Creation – The Great Flood: In the Old Testament, God wipes out horrible man and saves only Noah’s family. God tells him to build an ark, and despite sure ridicule, Noah does. He puts a male and female of each animal on the ark with his family, and survive when the rains come and flood the land. He sends out doves until one returns with an olive branch – a sign of dry land. The ark sets down on Mt. Ararat and Noah and his family reproductively recreate the human race. Every culture has a flood story. Were the Biblical stories made up as the myths were to make sense of the world around them? But there are flood stories all over the world – proof of a great flood? The earth goes through warming and cooling periods – did a warmth come through and melt the glaciers, flooding all inhabitable land? Many ancient cities were built in river valleys – at some point or another, every river will challenge its banks and flood, which would create a version of the same story all over the world. So some myths may well be based in reality. The Greek Flood version: Zeus went down to earth disguised as a human to check out human society and found it disgusting, corrupt, evil and treacherous. So Zeus returned to Mt. Olympus and told the other gods that he was going to flood the earth to get rid of the evil human race. The other gods provided an answer to the question â€Å"why does man exist? † If Zeus destroyed all humans, there would be no one left to worship the gods. That are how humans were perceived in greek myth; they were only there to worship the gods. So Zeus goes back and finds a husband/wife worth saving, Deucalion and Pyrrha. They were pious and just – they had the right relationship with the gods and they had right in their dealings with other humans. (This parallels Jesus’ two great commandments – love only one god and love thy neighbor). Usually, Greek myth is not concerned with human morality, but here it mattered to Zeus. So Zeus puts Deucalion and Pyrrha in a boat and flooded the land. After the waters subsided, Deucalion and Pyrrha saw that they were the only people left, and they were terrified. Being pious, they prayed to the gods for advice. They were told â€Å"Take the bones of your mother and throw them over your shoulder. You often see strange answers when people talk to gods. This was even weirder because the Greeks prioritized proper burial, so digging up bones didn’t sound appropriate. So Deucalion and Pyrrha tried to figure it out, and came up with ‘mother’ was Ge, Mother Earth. So they threw rocks and stones over their shoulders, and where they landed, the new human race formed. But why did they have to throw it over their shoulder? That parallels Lot and his wife leaving Sodom and Gomorrah. She looks back over her shoulder after being warned not to, and is turned to a pillar of salt. She wasn’t supposed to see the supernatural. So that’s why they threw ‘bones’ over their shoulders – so they couldn’t see the supernatural event. You can’t watch – you’ll destroy yourself (Zeus destroying Semele) or you cancel out the event. Greek religion was not a monotheism (one god), or a polytheism (many gods), but a form of polytheism, henotheism – belief in one god most powerful, but other gods exist. Zeus is the powerful one here, over other gods and humans. Now, Zeus was sleeping with any woman he could get his hands on – human, goddess, nymph – because his power came from baby-making. Unsentimentally, â€Å"father† is like a dog that sires, just a baby-maker. Morality didn’t matter, Zeus was the great father god up in heaven, a carouser (but that’s due to anthropomorphism as well). So Zeus marries his sister Hera and appoints two of his brothers to control parts of the universe, under his command and authority. Poseidon, god of the sea, and Hades, god of the world of the dead. Zeus has control over heavens and the earth Hera is the goddess of marriage – she understands marriage, she’s not nice or sweet, but cunning and cruel, with sexual jealousy being the worst. Her Latin name is Juno, so June weddings are traditional and girls wanted to marry in her month to gain her blessing. Poseidon – god of the sea – Latin name Neptune, often shown as jolly, but he’s not. Poseidon was associated with horror, sea monsters, tidal waves and earthquakes. He also constantly was having affairs, one with a human girl named Scylla. Poseidon’s wife (no name given) finds out about the affair, waits for Scylla to get in the bathtub, then poisons the water. When Scylla stood up, she had a ring of wolves heads growing out of her waist. Poseidon came back to make love to her – no way, wolfie. She begged him to hide her, so he put her in a cave near the edge of the Mediterranean sea, where she waited for sailors to come too close, where she’d capture them and feed them to the wolf heads. Poseidon is an example of gods being more than just gods. Poseidon is god of the sea, but Poseidon also is the sea. The Mediterranean is violent, like Poseidon. Gods always have the character of what they’re god of. Hades is god of the dead. There were no temples built to Hades to honor him with statues and sacrifices. Every human makes his individual sacrifice to Hades by their own death. The earth had three layers – the top layer which Greeks walked on, the land of the dead (underworld), and Tartarus, the deep prison in which the Titans were kept. Dead people go to the underworld. The Greeks believed in immortality of the soul, and that the souls of all people go to these dark, unhappy caverns for eternity. Odyssey – Homer – told the stories of the travels of Odysseus, who goes to the entrance of the world of the dead and looks in (the west’s oldest account of death). He saw that the ghosts of the dead were transparent, recognizable, and too weak to talk or to touch, and they shrieked like bats. Odysseus kills an animal and drains its blood, which they drink to give them the strength to talk to him. This makes sense – the body rots away when you die, leaving only bones and eventually dust. The Greeks knew to love live, because the afterlife had none of the pleasurable experiences of life in the body. To the Greeks, the afterlife had no place of reward nor punishment – all souls went to the same gloomy place, longing for physical life and the pleasures of the body. Alternatively, Christianity teaches that the pleasures of the soul are better than of the body – that the body is somehow dirty. Gymnasium literally means to take off close in the gym. The Greeks, though, praised nudity. They figured that God made the body, so every part of it, down to the armpits, should be considered beautiful. So the Greeks imagined gods in beautiful human forms, thinking there was no form any higher or more beautiful. Cronus Rhea Hestia —– Hades —– Poseidon —– Demeter —– Hera —– Zeus Hestia is one of the oldest children, the goddess of hearth (fireplace). She is elusive in Greek myth. She just stayed home and kept the fire going – never married, just stayed home. The Temples to Hestia always had fire going for people who needed it. Her Roman name was Vesta, as in Vestal Virgins. No real stories about Hestia. Demeter – Zeus’s sister, goddess of Agriculture; recall that the father is the only real parent, but if the mom/female doesn’t feed and nourish the child, it dies. Therefore, the earth, which provides food to people, is female. So Demeter is also the goddess of Motherhood. Anthropomorphic form of mother Ge. Demeter’s daughter is Persephone, whose father is unclear, maybe Zeus. The father is irreverent between the mother and child relationship. Demeter completely loved her child (an anthropomorphic transference of emotion). Hades was Persephone’s uncle, but he fell in love with her. Being god of the dead, he knew he could not persuade her to love him, so he opened up the earth, rose up in his chariot, swept her up, and took her back with him to the underworld as the earth closed. So Demeter comes back and can’t find her daughter. She goes nuts. Searched and searched. Finally, the sun, who sees all, tells her that Hades had abducted her. Now, gods cannot interfere with other gods – only Zeus has that power, so she knew there was nothing that she could do, and couldn’t get Persephone back. Demeter disguised herself as an old human woman and went to work for a family with a newborn baby. She transferred the love she had to someone else’s child. She loved the child, and wanted to give the human child a divine gift. So every night, she’d hold him in the fire to make him immortal. One night, the real mother walks in and sees her holding her baby in the fire. She screamed madly and rushed toward Demeter. Demeter became very angry and threw the child on the floor – angry because the fantasy she had built up to battle her own grief had been shattered. Now she had to face the fact that her child Persephone was gone. The family of the baby found out she was a goddess and were very frightened, and built her a temple on that very spot. Demeter walked into the temple and started to grieve. The Earth went barren and would give no fruit, responding to Demeter’s grief. Recall that the goddess of earth IS earth. Without food, people started dying in droves. Eventually, the other gods went to Zeus to get him to do something – if all the people died, there’d be no one to worship them. Zeus sent a messenger to Hades to give it up. Hades stood before Persephone and handed her a pomegranate. She took one bite and handed it back to him. He then took her in his chariot and brought her back up to earth and set her down next to Demeter’s temple. Demeter saw her and was overjoyed, and the earth bloomed and grew. But because she ate part of the pomegranate, she must go back to Hades for part of each year, and during that time, Demeter grieves for her and the earth does not give food. This fits into Muller and nature – it explains the seasons and why food does not grow during certain parts of the year. Putting the story in such human terms made it easy for the Greeks to understand that season. In some societies, a man and woman sharing a meal (the pomegranate), especially in his home, means that they’re married. This is still continued with the bride and groom sharing cake, the oldest part of the modern ceremony. New story: Orpheus was the best musician in the Greek world. â€Å"Orpheum† theatres are still named after him. He was so good that wild animals would come to listen to him, such as the lion in the statue. He played a lyre, a stringed harp-like instrument. Trees would also uproot themselves and move closer to him when he played, and rocks would roll over toward him. This shows the power of music – it has no physical benefit, yet it has a tremendous effect on us. On Orpheus’ wedding day to Eurydice, his bride stepped on a poisonous snake, was bitten, and died. So Orpheus went to Hades and pleaded for him to send his dead wife’s soul back to earth. He brought his lyre, and got ready to play to persuade Hades. Orpheus appeared before the court of Hades and began to sing about how much he missed Eurydice. It was so moving and powerful that even Hades, god of the dead, wept. So Hades allowed the soul of Eurydice to return to earth, but Orpheus was told he must walk back up to earth the way he had come and Eurydice would be sent after him. But – Orpheus could not turn around and look behind him to see if she was indeed following him. Remember, you can’t look at the supernatural, such as the dead coming back to life. So Orpheus starts walking back up the dark, gloomy corridors, excited about getting his Eurydice back. He tries to listen for her behind him – he tries to look peripherally at the walls to detect her shadow moving. He sees nothing, and begins to doubt. After all, the gods had never allowed the dead to come back to life before – maybe Hades had just told him that to get rid of him. He became convinced he would never get his Eurydice back, and grief overtook him. It seemed so simple when Hades agreed, but now he simply could not believe it was true. So he turned around – and there was Eurydice, right behind him, beautiful as ever. But as soon as Orpheus looked, she was snatched back to the land of the dead – he had cancelled the miracle and had lost her again, but this time it was entirely his own fault! He ran back down to Hades to beg him to let her return, but Hades said he would not grant it a second time. So Orpheus had to return to earth alone. He became a hater of women – not because they had wronged him, but because Orpheus was afraid of getting hurt again. So now he became famous for two reasons – his music and his hatred of women. He was singing in the woods one day, alone he thought, when a group of women came upon him and killed him, tearing him apart. He then joined Eurydice in the underworld. The Greeks made this myth to show that, theoretically, it was possible to survive permanent death in some joy, if you did exactly what the gods or priests said. The Great Greek Gods of Olympia: Aphrodite – name means â€Å"born from the foam†, that being the foam of her father Uranus’ genitals when they were cast into the sea. Her Roman name is â€Å"Venus†, and she is the Greek goddess of love, being the most beautiful of all gods and goddess. But it’s not hand-holding warm and fuzzy love – it’s uncontrollable sexual desire that makes you crazy and not concerned with the risks or consequences of such passion. Now the Greeks through the powers of the weather came from heaven, that the sea’s power was from the gods, and even the earth can feed or starve – they personify the powers of nature in gods. So why sex? They thought that inside you there are also powerful forces, and Greeks needed to understand why sexual wantonness was so powerful, so there’s a goddess for it. Now since gods are what they represent, Aphrodite is sex – a real slut. Humans are not instinctively monogamous – promiscuity was instinctive, and Aphrodite is the goddess of the promiscuity. She did sleep around a lot, with human and with god. But Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of craftsmen who crafted Pandora. Hephaestus is the only physically imperfect god, having crippled legs. So the only imperfect god is married to the most perfect goddess. The Greeks that only a disabled person would stay inside all day (outside good to Greeks! ) and make things with his hands. Manliness was defined by fighting and hunting, but Hephaestus cannot fight. Now Hephaestus had a brother, Ares (Roman – Mars), the god of war, and because war was hated, Ares was the most hated god, even among the other gods. But he was a perfect physical specimen. As soon as Hephaestus would leave for his shop, Ares would sneak in the back door for a little lovin’ from Aphrodite. Eventually, the sun, who sees all, told Hephaestus about the affair. So Hephaestus made a giant, strong net and concealed it above the bed. The next day after he left for work and Ares came in, the net came down and held them in place, so tightly that they could not even move out of their lovemaking position. So Hephaestus comes in, but gods cannot harm one another – so he went out and invited all the other gods and goddesses to come in and take a long look. The goddesses were too modest, but the gods came in. They laughed, pointed, measured, discussed what they would do if they were in Ares position, which many of them probably had been. So there was no physical violence, but lots of laughing and humiliation. Hephaestus freed them, and Ares never entertained Aphrodite again. So sexuality was beyond the Greeks control – that’s why they had to have a god for it. Pygmalion – a rare Greek happily-ever-after myth. Pygmalion (a guy) was a sculptor, but he was very lonely. So he carved a statue of a beautiful woman and eventually fell in love with the statue. So he went to the temple of Aphrodite, made sacrifices, and prayed for the statue to be a real woman. So he gets home, and the statue comes alive. They lived happily ever after. So how does this parallel Greek life? The man who finds the perfect woman is the man who creates her himself. This reflects the frustration that the Greek people had in finding someone to love. This myth was a fantasy – not of coping with reality, but of escaping from it. Cybele – not a Greek myth, but a Near-Eastern legend on which a Greek myth was based, but changed and adjusted, as we’ll see. Most Greek culture was adapted from ancient near east. The story is violent and bizarre. Cybele was the great mother goddess, who was both male and female. She decided that she’d be much better off just being female, so she cut off her male genitalia and threw it away. Where it landed, the first almond tree grew. Along came Nana, a nymph (Greek for â€Å"bride†) – nymphs are half-human and half-divine, they live forever and are always young and beautiful, but they have no god-like power and cannot leave the area where they’re assigned. Nana took a white blossom off that first almond tree and put it between her breasts. It disappeared there and she turned up pregnant. She named her son Attis, and he was a perfect example of a young man. So much so that Cybele, mother goddess, fell in love with him. But Attis loved someone else, so Cybele’s love drove him insane until finally he castrated himself and died from the wound. Cybele was so distraught that she asked the other gods to bring him back to life. They agreed, but with the condition that he’d have to be castrated and die every year. The Greek version: Myrrha – Myrrha was a human girl whose only real parent was her father, since her mother died when she was very young. She loved her father dearly and deeply – too much, because she realized that she wanted to sleep with him, even though she knew it was wrong. She eventually became physically lovesick and depressed over it. When the nanny who raised her noticed that Myrrha was sick, she asked why. Myrrha tried to hide it, but eventually blurted out the truth. Well, the old woman nanny was only concerned with Myrrha’s happiness, so she went to the father and told him that a young girl in town wanted to sleep with him – but the girl was shy and wanted her identity to be concealed, so there must be no lights. He agreed. So the old woman told Myrrha that she had arranged it, and Myrrha was horrified! She had wanted it, yes, but now that it was possible†¦. Eventually, she decided to go ahead with it. So she started to visit her father repeatedly in his dark room. She got pregnant. In the meantime, the father was getting curious about who his lover was, tried to recognize her around town and couldn’t, so one night he hid a lantern in the cupboard and closed the door. While his lover was in his dark room, he took out the lantern, saw his own daughter, and realized what he had done. He was furious that he had been tricked and tried to kill Myrrha, who prayed to Aphrodite. Aphrodite transformed her into a myrrh tree (which is where the name came from). Myrrh trees give off an aromatic sap that was used in embalming – the symbolism of Jesus getting a gift of myrrh signified that he would die. This myth helps explain why myrrh sap is used in embalming – death is associated with sadness, and the sap is the sad tears of Myrrha. But Aphrodite saved Myrrha’s baby – a boy child named Adonis. Adonis was a perfect young man, and Aphrodite herself fell in love with him. It was a dangerous world, and Aphrodite was concerned about Adonis, but he didn’t care, and he went boar hunting. Boar hunting was very challenging and dangerous because the boars are smart and would hunt their hunters. So boar hunting was done in groups – they’d use dogs to track and corner a boar into a cave. The hunters formed a semicircle around the cave and the dogs would drive the boar out. The plan was that when the boar came out and saw all the hunters, it would freeze for just a second – long enough for the hunters to kill it. But some boars didn’t freeze – they just charged out and killed a hunter or two in the process. Charge – bye Adonis. Aphrodite grieved and asked the gods to bring Adonis back. They agreed, but once a year Adonis would have to be killed by a boar and come back again. Both Attis and Adonis are called ‘resurrection gods’. With a woman loving both of their dead bodies, we saw a statue of how that resembles Mary holding the body of crucified Jesus. A whole religion grew out of Adonis. Now, for a god to fall in love with a human was considered disgusting to the gods, much like a human falling in love with a chicken. But Aphrodite delighted in making gods fall in love with humans for her amusement. So Zeus decreed that Aphrodite would fall in love with the next human she saw. That human was a shepherd named Anchises. It was summer, and in the summer shepherds worked naked. So she transformed herself into a beautiful human girl and approached him – told him that she was under a spell and the only way to break the spell was for him to sleep with her. Anchises became uneasy†¦he could tell she was a god because 1) gods were tall, where Greeks were short, 2) gods were blonde, where Greeks were dark, and 3) gods smell good, not like meat-eating Greeks who stank. Anchises thought it was too good to be true, but still he agreed. Afterward, he rolled over and went to sleep. Aphrodite didn’t care about him any more – she had conquered and the novelty was gone, so she decided to tell him her real identity. She woke him up and told him and Anchises was filled with terror – thinking she had used him up and that he’d be impotent. She laughed at him and assured him it would still work. So she went back to Olympus, and he, like any other guy, went to the nearby city of Troy and bragged that he had made love to the goddess Aphrodite. Bad move, he should’ve kept quiet. Zeus was angry with him and struck him with a lightning bolt which crippled him. Aphrodite, on the other hand with it being revealed that she had slept with a human, was mocked, ridiculed and humiliated. Test 1 info: Need a sheet of paper 25 short answer questions (fill in the blank) 1 extra credit question (from book) Zeus’ generation was named from ___? Name one of â€Å"Heaven† daughters? Greek name for â€Å"heaven† was Uranus Rhea Who said that myth resolved conflict? Levi struass How to cite Introduction to Myth, Essay examples

Transpiration Lab free essay sample

Describe the process of transpiration in vascular plants. -Transpiration occur when water is lost through the leaves of plants, at the same time water is being absorbed and pulled up the plants roots to be replenished. 2. Describe any experimental controls used in the Investigation. -The environmental controls used in this lab were heat, wind and light (sun). 3. What environmental factors that you tested increased the rate of transpiration? Was the rate of transpiration increased for all plants tested? -Wind and heat were the factors that consistently increased the rate of transpiration. This was shown to happen in all of the plants. 4. Did any of the environmental factors (heat, light, or wind) increase the transpiration rate more than the others? Why? -Wind and heat increased the transpiration rates the most. I think this is because the wind is blowing the moisture away at a higher rate than if the plant was just sitting in the sun, causing it to transpire more. We will write a custom essay sample on Transpiration Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Transpiration occurs at higher levels with heat because of evaporation. 5. Which species of plants that you tested had the highest transpiration rates? Why do you think different species of plants transpire at different rates? The plants with the larger leaves (zebra plant, weeping fig) the more transpiration. -I also think the location and the amount of moisture in the water has a major influence on how much water is available in the plant to transpire. 6. Suppose you coated the leaves of a plant with petroleum jelly. How would the plants rate of transpiration be affected? -The petroleum jelly would block the stomata, which would prevent the exchange of gases and the water vapor would be diffused. 7. Of what value to a plant is the ability to lose water through transpiration? -Without transpiration there would not be photosynthesis.

Discuss the importance of certain characters in Act 1, Scene 5 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Discuss the importance of certain characters in Act 1, Scene 5 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Discuss the importance of certain characters in Act 1, Scene 5 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, explore various other productions and the variations in directions interpretations and presentations. Romeo and Juliet tells the tragic tale of two star-crossed teenage lovers who secretly fall for each other and marry. Their families, the Montagues and Capulets, have been fierce enemies for decades, and, even as Romeo and Juliet say their wedding vows, new violence breaks out between the families. In the end, their love is doomed. When Romeo mistakenly believes Juliet is dead, he poisons himself. And, when Juliet discovers that he is dead, she too commits suicide. In this essay I am going to discuss William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and how directors have produced the play. Most importantly I will decide how three of the more important characters, not just in the scene but also in the play as a whole, should and do behave in this scene. The three characters I wish to use as my examples are: = The first, Tybalt, destructive cousin to Juliet, no doubt the most brutal character in the play. Tybalt moves the story along swiftly and represents the more violent aspects of the play. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the importance of certain characters in Act 1, Scene 5 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the importance of certain characters in Act 1, Scene 5 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the importance of certain characters in Act 1, Scene 5 of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer = Second, Lord Capulet, host of the party, Uncle to Tybalt, Head of one of the two rival houses, father of Juliet. One of the few adults with in the play. = And last, but definatly not least, Juliet, representing the romance with in the play. Juliet, as the title suggests, is a major role, she is daughter to Capulet, cousin to Tybalt and lover to Romeo. The scene I have chosen to direct takes place early in the play. However, much happens in the four scenes leading up to it. The play begins with a fight between the Montagues and Capulets, establishing the seriousness of their dispute. In this scene it quickly becomes apparent that the two families despise one another, their hatred spreading so far that even their servants dislike one another enough to cause mayhem in Veronas city centre. Franco Zefferellis film Romeo and Juliet is a straightforward classical interpretation of Shakespeares original version, keeping costumes and text very much as they would have been in Shakespeares time. The Montagues wear black and blue and the Capulets wear orange and red. This provides a sharp contrast between the two families and also helps the audience to quickly identify whos who. This allowed Zefferelli to cut out text for the original play that dealt mainly with character introduction. By doing this Zefferelli was able to show that Romeo and Juliet, indeed any play, is more than text or dialogue. Caught up though we may be in the romance of the story, we are never allowed to forget that Romeo and Juliet are, in fact, just kids. Moreover, they are kids who didnt deserve to have such heavy burdens placed on their backs by such a hateful society. In 1996, director Baz Luhrmann attempted Romeo and Juliet, entitled William Shakespeares Romeo + Juliet. Luhrmanns film keeps the classical text as Zeffirelli did (like Zeffirelli, Luhrmann cuts a great deal), and also follows the 1968 films lead in casting fresh-faced teenaged actors as the two leads, thus emphasizing the innocences of the main characters. Luhrmann has not made a musical here, opting rather for a more immediate, realistic update of Shakespeare. If Luhrmann was hoping to make a Romeo and Juliet accessible to young audiences, he certainly succeeded; the visual makes it clear to most teenagers who the characters are in relation to each other. By incorporating lively, modern imagery with a throbbing soundtrack and hip actors, he has taken aim at an audience that would normally regard Shakespeare as a chore to be endured in school, not a passionate drama to ignite the screen. I think this Luhrmann helps to prove that Shakespeare is universal, if interpreted correctly. Luhrmann allows audiences to enjoy and understand work that they would otherwise disregard. Romeo and Juliets camera is restless, always moving, I think this is to stress that in todays society, almost nothing stands still. There are times when the rapid cuts and raging soundtrack might cause understandable confusion. The movie settles down when Romeo and Juliet first come face-to-face, gazing at each other through the transparent panes of an aquarium while a love ballad plays in the background. The way that an aquarium, filled with water and fish, stand between them represents that between them stand things that cannot be broken, without causing much damage and possibly even losing some life, showing the immense conflict between their families. A more radical reinterpretation of Romeo and Juliet appeared seven years before Zeffirelli; it was the Broadway musical West Side Story (WSS) WSS essentially retells Shakespeares tragic tale in a totally different context. It transports Romeo and Juliet into a modern-day gangland atmosphere, much like Baz Luhrmanns interpretation. and because of this highlights important contemporary sociological issues. One of the clearest differences between Shakespeares seventeenth century play and this 1960s musical is that the two rival families become two warring parties or gangs of youths, opposed on grounds of race and origin. WSS essentially highlights problems of social class, immigration and juvenile delinquency in 60s New York. Although parts of WSS are totally unrelated to Romeo and Juliet, clear similarities are easy to find- most obviously in that characters in each of the plays can be paired: Tony Maria = Romeo Juliet. Sharks Jets = Montagues Capulets The adults in West Side Story are even less visible than in Shakespeare. Lt. Schrank trying to keep order ends up simply reinforcing prejudicial attitudes by insulting the dark-skinned Sharks while making nice with the light-skinned Jets. One dialogue exchange essentially sums up this plays message: When the sympathetic Doc the drug store owner and a modern variation on Friar Laurence, tells the Jets that they make this world lousy, one of them replies: We didnt make it, Doc. Pimlico School recently planned, rehearsed and performed WSS in which I helped with set design and helped cast learn lines. This experience helped me greatly in understanding Shakespeares ideas and meanings through making parallels and linking central themes within the two plays. Tybalt Tybalt is the most violent man in the play, and bears a strong resemblance to Macbeth, another of Shakespeares characters. A disgusting image is used in Macbeth to demonstrate his savage streak, which I think could also be used perfectly to illustrate Tybalt- A hero-worshipper describes Macbethss actions after battle-he unseamed him from the nave to thchaps, And fixed his head upon our battlements. This is a foul picture and by fixing the head upon the battlement proves that he was proud of, and enjoyed the killing. Tybalt is undoubtedly violent and he confirms this numerous times. Tybalt first speaks in act 1 scene 5 when he notices Romeo, an intruder. His first two lines prepare the audience for aggression and violence- Fetch me my rapier, boy. His first thoughts after finding a Montague are to his weapon, not to the security of those around him. Unlike Capulet, Tybalt regards Romeo as a threat and gets incredibly angry by his presence. Shakespeare has used poetry to emphasize his point here and there comes a quatrain, concluding with To strike him dead I hold not a sin. At this point my actor would be literally spiting with rage and disgust. Tybalt then goes on to have a fierce argument with Capulet, Capulet attempts to calm Tybalt down Content thee gentle coz, let him alone, but when this fails Capulet gets angry and insults Tybalt by calling him such things as a saucy boy and a princox. Once Capulet is angry Tybalt is forced to calm down and accept, or ignore, Romeo. Before this scene Tybalt has been seen only once. He appears in the very first scene, the fight. There he says, Talk of peace? I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee As Tybalt speaks this line I can imagine an actor laughing, mockingly and patronisingly as he says Talk of peace? Then in contrast, being serious and severe as he finishes his sentence, emphasising the change from rhetorical question to statement. The last we see of Tybalt is once Capulet has fully left to entertain his guests Tybalt gets angry once again and, under his breath, I will withdraw, but this intrusion shall, Now seeming sweet, convert to bittrest gall. Once again his sentences rhyme and his lines become a quatrain. Where Romeo and Juliets lines rhyme because they are in love, Tybalts rhyme when he is angry, I think that it here becomes clear that Tybalt lives for anger, hatred and violence, much like Macbeth. Capulet Capulet, Juliets father, is the first of my chosen characters to speak and begins by welcoming his guests and acting the perfect host Welcome, gentlemen. He cracks bad jokes and is jolly, but then changes suddenly and becomes sad, reminiscing back and remembering his age until he becomes quite depressed. He finishes his speech by instructing the musicians to begin Come, musicians, play. He then orders his guests to dance, his servants to turn up the lights and for the fire to be suppressed. I think this tells me that he likes to be in control but has grown old and has mood swings. I picture a large, fat, Henry VIII type character shouting at as many people as possible. Capulet is next seen with Tybalt trying to calm his fiery nephew down and seems quite untroubled by Romeos presence young Romeo is it? is all that he asks when informed of the intrusion. In an attempt to dissuade Tybalt from attacking Romeo to say the truth, Verona brags of him I think he means that Romeo is greatly liked, and admired by many and that to hurt him, certainly at such a public gathering would cause far more problems than it was worth. With Tybalt as stubborn as he is, Capulet has to get angry before Tybalt pays any attention and when guests start to notice Capulets anger he tries to cover it up and has two conversations at once, one to Tybalt in a hushed, infuriated tone and then another over his shoulder with his guests in a louder, jolly voice. Ill make you quiet, what! Cheerly, my hearts the interruption in the middle is where the change in tone, volume and audience occurs. Cap ulet is not merely an actor trying to please an audience but a highly influential head of house. We see Capulet just once more in this play and that is when the Montagues begin to leave he meets them and encourages them to stay Nay, gentlemen, prepare not be gone I think this is to put Tybalt in his place and perhaps proves to the audience, and Tybalt, that Capulet does as he likes and everything must be on his terms. Capulet helps provoke the family dispute, whether he started the rivalry or whether it had been in place before his birth never becomes apparent. The adult characters in Shakespeares text consistently reveal themselves as either sympathetic but powerless like Friar Laurence and the Nurse or wealthy but flawed. Capulet is certainly not sympathetic or powerless. Capulet proves himself able to restrain Tybalt, a difficult task, from creating mayhem by killing Romeo in this scene. I think this could be seen as a wise act of nobility or as a simple selfish performance carried out to protect his reputation, house, and guests. Juliet Juliet is very young and both Zeffirelli and Luhrmann chose very young actresses to play the part. Zeffirelli accentuated her youth by choosing a white costume that made her appear to be a young girl playing dress up in her mothers clothing. His screenplay focuses on lines that refer to her youth and also to lines of love and passion. Water, representing innocence is used to great effect by Luhrmann- in the meeting of Romeo and Juliet through an aquarium and also in two other scenes. Initially, and most powerfully in my opinion, when we first meet Juliet, her face is seen through water as she looks directly at the camera with her head in a bath or sink. I think this single image makes Juliet seem, if not a little strange, tranquil. And again in the balcony scene a swimming pool a substituted for the balcony. Luhmann thus implies that not only Juliet but also the love that Romeo and Juliet have for one another is pure and sinless. Shakespeare doesnt specify stage directions for Romeo and Juliets first meeting with in this scene but both Zeffirelli and Luhrmann provide distractions to take the attention of other guests away. Zeffirelli offers a singer, singing a beautiful classical love song so that Romeo and Juliet can slip to the back of the crowd, while Luhrmann provides toilet stops for both of them and with so many things going on around them no one pays them much attention. I think once again this is Luhrmanns way of pointing out what a busy, uncaring society we live in while Zeferilli is merely providing a plausible distraction and amazingly romantic music. This scene contains a single dialogue exchange between Romeo and Juliet and without even seeing the text performed their love for each another jumps out of the page. They have never met before, yet they speak in perfect harmony, finish one anothers sentences and speak only in rhyme, Juliet-use in prayer, Romeo- turn to despair. Everything that is said to one another is metaphorical. Juliet becomes flirtatious and coy. You kiss by thbook suggesting she had kissed before. The nurse who had been sent to find Juliet and send her to her mother at once interrupts them. The meeting is short but dominates the scene. Its only after meeting that Romeo and Juliet question the nurse about each other and discover that they are from rival families and their courting would never be permitted. This introduces dramatic irony to the play. When Juliet discovers this she is distraught and says My only love springs from my only hate Meaning possibly that the only family that she is supposed to hate conta ins the one person that she has ever loved. Act 1, Scene 5 carries huge significance within the play because it shows the intensity of Romeo and Juliets first meeting and the incredible love they feel for one another at first sight, in contrast to the violence and hate around them. Tybalts fierce attempted attack on Romeo suggests the violence of the plays ending and reminds us that the play is a tragedy and that the play is riddled with tragic heroes. A feud that has been going on possibly for generations can only be resolved when many have died, many of the dead were young, with their lives ahead of them, I think his is Shakespeares way of telling us that life is important and too short to waste. This scene alone contains a vast variety of emotions portrayed in the play:- humour, violence and romance. They are all the important aspects of the play and are what makes the play so universal. At some point, everyone will encounter at least one of these emotions. Shakespeare and each of the directors try only to emphasise these e motions to make the audience wider.

And Then There Was None by Agatha Christie essays

And Then There Was None by Agatha Christie essays Have you ever been in a dark, desolate room in complete seclusion from everyone else where you sense a presence nearby, but when you turn around, nobody's there? Have you ever been so afraid that you can't sleep at night? I believe that anyone who is an actual human being can agree with me that, in some way, everyone has felt some kind of fear and excitement due to a scary movie, book, or even reality. After reading this novel by Agatha Christie, And Then There Were None, I can honestly say that there is a book out there that can give me the shivers. Never have I been so afraid of a fictional - based story that I wasn't able to go to sleep that very same night I finished the novel. Not only did the plot of the story keep me on the edge of my seat, but the personalities and the secretiveness of the characters kept me in suspense as well. The novel takes place on Indian Island, a location known for publicity and curiosity, yet nobody knows for sure who owns this piece of land. In the beginning chapters of this book, you become familiar with the ten main characters who are out to spend an eight-day vacation on this secluded island with only a vague invitation with some variety on each one. The descriptions of each character are specified clearly, yet each holds a secret that they wouldn't dare to share with anyone else on the island. When the guests each arrive in their rooms, they find a riddle called "Ten Little Indians" which plays a significant role throughout the book, for this riddle tells the death of ten men on an island (ironic, eh?). By night time, they are all acquainted with each other, until a noise projecting from the wall tells a story about the guests and how they are all charged for a murder they could never be tried for. Now this book might somehow seem like an episode out of a "Clue" mysteryâ₠¬â€œbut did "Clue" ever give you the chills you get on the back of your neck? No, I didn't think so! Suddenly, in the few ...

History response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History response - Essay Example The poor felt they were only working hard and long hours without anything to show for their efforts but acting as mechanisms intended to cushion lives of the elite whom the majority were in the government and resided in posh regions. This is evident in the quote, which was a sentiment raised by a young laborer claiming despite how hard they toiled in order to make their lives better and bearable, employers were the sole determiners of their fate. Since, they mercilessly used policies to compel them in operating machines in their factories for long hours while in return offering extremely low wages that could not sustain them well where they lived. Based on this scenario, I tend to think most of them lost their jobs at a very high rate because employers had a big selection of choosing what they want and wished to pay in terms of labor. I wanted also to show the then lack of workers’ authority to influence determination of their salaries and wages. Employers especially the then manufacturing moguls enjoyed big margins due to cheap and easily available labor by willing people working long hours to earn more. This is to cater for numerous and even costly medical costs in their shanty residential areas. Therefore, employers in this case used meager earnings as a hook to retain poor laborers in their industries because they had no other options of earning the money they desperately needed for their daily sustenance. However, workers despite exploited by these moguls had the courage to voice their grievances. This is evident in the young man’s sentiments who without fear stood out to protest what he deemed was the then moguls’ state of exploiting poor laborers. Keen analysis of this sentiment brings out much untold exploitation despite being a short quote. For instance, the young lad contends of â€Å"oppressed on every hand† thus summarizing utter oppression and neglect even

Analyzing the equilibrium of second Language Acquisition Essay

Analyzing the equilibrium of second Language Acquisition - Essay Example (Brown, 2000) Noam Chomsky believes that "Language has been the totality of utterances that can be made in a speech community." (Chomsky, 1986) In this context, he believes that grammar occupies a very important part of this learning. He stated famously in his book Knowledge of Language: its nature, origins, and use, "It is the most elementary part of logic. It is the beginning of the analysis of the thinking process. The principles and rules of grammar are the means by which the forms of language are made to correspond to the universal forms of thought." (Chomsky, 1986) Thus, it is obvious that to learn a language it is important to learn grammar and this grammar is a learning process under a proper system at school. In another incident, he notes in his book Aspects of the Theory of Syntax that LAD or Language Acquisition Device is an important brain mechanism, though hypothetical, element of learning language. He shows that a human being easily masters language's syntactic structure, as the basic guidelines of syntax are fundamentally same among all languages. (Brown, 2000) He stated that a child could easily master the rules and structure of a language once the input is systematic under proper supervision. This mechanism of LAD refers to multiple levels of dimensions on the aspect of basic variance of language and exposure to the language to employ as second language or foreign language. With the help of this LAD mechanism Chomsky shows that the basic aspects of most languages are universal or there are many common features despite variable cultures and languages. This assumption is Universal Grammar. (Ortiz, 2003) It should be noted that to establish this assumption Chomsky uses number of mechanisms and devices such as pronoun usage, noun phrase use, parasitic gap, poverty of stimulus, projection principle, lexical category, null subject languages, binding theory, c-command and the intervention of INFL in the mode of language acquisition. He incorporates in his study the elements of r-expression, Plato's problem, X-bar theory, phrase structure rules, anaphor, I-language, D-structure and event takes on the reference of Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday experience. (Young, 2005) In general, Language is an important effective communication, which is very important in everyday life. To be comfortable with the communication skills, one need to familiar with the English language, as it is the international means of communication. In whatever area we work, English language or the second language learning is important for developing efficiency in speech. However, Brown stated, "Learning a second language is a long and complex undertaking. Your whole person is affected as you struggle to reach beyond the confines of your first language." (Brown, 2000) The common perception about learning language is that it is better suited for children and it is better for the learner to be younger than being old. In accordance to the Critical Period Hypothesis, an adult is unable to acquire a new language but extensive researches by Lamb or Kar disagree with this result. However, they agree to the fact stated by the Critical Period Hypothesis that language acquired during the first few years of the human mind is most effective. Steven Pinker who mentions in his text The Language Instinct that "acquisition of a normal language is guaranteed for children up to the age of six, is